The park is home to an impressive diversity of wildlife, including approximately 400 bird species, 80 mammals, and countless insects and reptiles. Notable species include the jaguar, ocelot, giant anteater, and capybara. The endangered black-fronted piping guan and harpy eagle can be found here, along with toucans, parrots, and the distinctive great dusky swift, which nests behind the waterfalls. Butterflies are abundant, with over 800 species recorded. The rivers host various fish species, including the dourado and surubim. Several endangered species find refuge in the park, making it a crucial conservation area.
The park protects one of the largest remaining areas of Atlantic Forest, hosting over 2,000 species of vascular plants. The vegetation is characterized by a mix of tropical and subtropical rainforest species, including numerous epiphytes, orchids, and bromeliads. Prominent tree species include the Paraná pine (Araucaria angustifolia), cedar, rosewood, and various palm species. The constant mist from the falls creates unique microhabitats supporting specialized plant communities. The forest canopy reaches heights of up to 35 meters (115 feet), creating distinct layers of vegetation that support diverse ecological niches.
The falls were formed approximately 150 million years ago through volcanic activity that produced thick layers of basalt. The current landscape emerged when the Paraná River carved through these basalt layers, creating the dramatic cliff faces we see today. The falls consist of 275 individual cascades spanning 2.7 kilometers (1.7 miles), with heights ranging from 60 to 82 meters (197 to 269 feet). The distinctive horseshoe-shaped formation known as 'Devil's Throat' (Garganta do Diabo) marks where three rivers converge. The underlying geology consists of alternating hard and soft basalt layers, creating the unique stepped appearance of the falls.
The Iguaçu region was originally inhabited by indigenous Guarani peoples for thousands of years before European discovery. The falls were first documented by Spanish conquistador Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca in 1541. The area remained relatively undeveloped until the late 19th century when colonies were established in the region. Iguaçu National Park was created in 1939 by President Getúlio Vargas to protect the falls and surrounding ecosystem. The park was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1986, recognizing its exceptional natural beauty and biological importance. The name 'Iguaçu' comes from the Guarani words 'y' (water) and 'guasu' (big), literally meaning 'big water.'
The park's most spectacular feature is the Iguaçu Falls system, with Devil's Throat being the most impressive single cascade at 82 meters high. The park offers extensive walking trails, including the famous Cataratas Trail that provides panoramic views of the falls. The Macuco Safari boat ride takes visitors close to the falls' base, while helicopter tours offer aerial perspectives. The Bird Park (Parque das Aves) adjacent to the national park houses numerous native species. The park's infrastructure includes visitor centers, restaurants, and viewing platforms. The Brazilian side is known for providing panoramic views of the falls, while the Argentine side offers closer, more intimate perspectives through its extensive walkway system.
Iguaçu National Park experiences a subtropical climate with high humidity year-round. Summers (December to February) are hot and humid with temperatures reaching 32°C (90°F), while winters (June to August) are mild with temperatures around 15°C (59°F). The park receives substantial rainfall throughout the year, with an average of 1,800mm annually. October and November typically see the highest rainfall, while July and August are relatively drier. The microclimate created by the falls produces frequent mist and rainbows, particularly during midday hours. Visitors should be prepared for sudden weather changes and occasional thunderstorms, especially during summer months.
Brazil
-25.6830°, -54.4330°
1939
1700
Home to the spectacular Iguazu Falls, one of the world's largest waterfall systems. The park preserves one of the largest remaining areas of Atlantic Forest. It hosts incredible biodiversity including hundreds of bird species and rare mammals like jaguars.