The island's fauna includes a diverse array of species, many of which are endemic or threatened. Notable mammals include brown howler monkeys, sloths, and various bat species. The birdlife is particularly rich, with over 150 species recorded, including endangered parrots and toucans. Marine life around the island is equally diverse, featuring sea turtles, dolphins, and numerous fish species. The island also hosts a variety of reptiles, amphibians, and insects, including several species of endangered butterflies.
Ilha Grande hosts an impressive variety of Atlantic Rainforest vegetation, with over 1,000 identified plant species. The forest canopy includes massive trees like the jequitibá, cedar, and various palm species. The understory is rich with bromeliads, orchids, and ferns, many of which are endemic to the region. Mangrove ecosystems exist in protected coastal areas, while restinga vegetation thrives along the beaches. The park's strict protection has preserved many rare and endangered plant species, making it a crucial biodiversity hotspot.
The island was formed through tectonic and volcanic activities during the separation of South America from Africa. Its landscape is characterized by ancient granite and gneiss formations, dating back to the Precambrian period. The terrain is predominantly mountainous, with Pico do Papagaio reaching 982 meters as its highest point. The coastline features numerous bays, coves, and beaches formed by erosion and sedimentary processes. The island's geological structure includes various rock formations, creating dramatic cliffs, natural pools, and unique coastal formations.
Ilha Grande has a rich and complex history spanning indigenous settlements, colonial periods, and modern conservation efforts. Originally inhabited by Tupí-Guaraní peoples, the island later served as a stopping point for pirates and slave traders in the 16th century. From 1884 to 1994, it housed various penal institutions, most notably the Cândido Mendes Prison, which was demolished in 1994. The island's isolation due to its prison history helped preserve its natural environment, leading to its designation as a state park in 1971. Today, it stands as a premier ecotourism destination, maintaining strict environmental protection measures.
The park's most prominent attractions include Lopes Mendes Beach, widely considered one of Brazil's most beautiful beaches, stretching for 3 kilometers of pristine white sand. The historic Dois Rios village and former prison ruins offer cultural interest. The park contains over 100 kilometers of hiking trails, including the challenging trail to Pico do Papagaio. Numerous waterfalls, such as the Cachoeira da Feiticeira, dot the landscape. The crystal-clear waters surrounding the island provide excellent opportunities for snorkeling and diving, particularly in locations like Lagoa Azul and Lagoa Verde.
Ilha Grande experiences a tropical climate with warm temperatures year-round. Average temperatures range from 20-30°C (68-86°F), with summer (December-March) being the hottest and most humid period. The island receives significant rainfall, particularly from December to March, with annual precipitation around 2,000mm. Winter months (June-August) are relatively drier and cooler, making them ideal for hiking and outdoor activities. The surrounding Atlantic Ocean helps moderate temperatures and creates a consistently humid environment that supports the island's lush vegetation.
Brazil
-23.1450°, -44.2280°
1971
193
Located on a large island off the coast of Rio de Janeiro, this park features pristine Atlantic Forest and beautiful beaches. The park is known for its hiking trails, clear waters, and historic ruins. It's a popular destination for ecotourism and water sports.