The marine park is renowned for its rich marine biodiversity, hosting over 230 fish species, sea turtles, dolphins, and sharks. The resident spinner dolphin population is one of the archipelago's main attractions. Five species of sea turtles use the islands for nesting, including the green and hawksbill turtles. The islands are also an important breeding site for seabirds, hosting the largest colony of tropical seabirds in the Western Atlantic. Notable species include the brown noddy, red-footed booby, and frigatebird. Endemic species include the Noronha skink and the Noronha vireo.
Despite the volcanic origin and isolated location, the archipelago supports diverse vegetation adapted to its oceanic conditions. The islands feature approximately 400 species of vascular plants, including native and introduced species. The main island's interior contains seasonal deciduous forest, while coastal areas support hardy species adapted to salt spray and strong winds. Notable plant species include the endemic Mulungu tree (Erythrina velutina), burra leiteira (Sapium argutum), and various species of cacti and bromeliads that have adapted to the rocky terrain.
The archipelago consists of 21 islands and islets, formed by volcanic and tectonic activities approximately 12 million years ago. The main island covers about 17 square kilometers and features dramatic geological formations including the iconic Morro do Pico, a volcanic plug rising 323 meters above sea level. The islands are remnants of a large volcanic edifice whose base lies at about 4,000 meters below sea level. The coastline is characterized by rugged cliffs, basalt dykes, and numerous sea caves formed by wave erosion of the volcanic rock.
The archipelago was discovered by Portuguese navigator Fernão de Noronha in 1503, who received it as a gift from the Portuguese crown. Throughout its history, the islands served various purposes including as a prison, a U.S. military base during World War II, and finally as a national park. The Fernando de Noronha Marine National Park was established in 1988 to protect the rich marine ecosystem and unique landscape. The archipelago was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2001, recognizing its importance for the conservation of tropical marine species and its exceptional natural beauty.
The park's most celebrated attractions include Baía do Sancho, consistently ranked among the world's most beautiful beaches, accessible via a dramatic ladder descent through rock crevices. The Dois Irmãos peaks, twin rock formations rising from the sea, are an iconic symbol of the archipelago. Praia do Leão offers important sea turtle nesting sites, while Porto de Santo Antonio features historic ruins and a charming village. The Marine National Park also encompasses several world-class diving sites, including the Caverna da Sapata and the Pedras Secas, known for their diverse marine life and excellent visibility.
Fernando de Noronha experiences a tropical climate with two distinct seasons: a dry season from September to March and a rainy season from April to August. Average temperatures remain consistently warm throughout the year, ranging from 26-28°C (79-82°F). The water temperature stays pleasant at around 24-27°C (75-81°F) year-round. The best time to visit is during the dry season when visibility for diving and snorkeling is optimal, reaching up to 50 meters. Trade winds are present throughout the year, being strongest between July and September, making these months popular for surfing.
Brazil
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1988
112.7
Fernando de Noronha is an archipelago of 21 islands and islets in the Atlantic Ocean. The park features pristine beaches, rich marine life including dolphins and sea turtles, and excellent diving conditions. It is renowned for its crystal-clear waters and unique ecosystem.