The park serves as a crucial stopover for six million migratory birds annually between Europe and Africa. It hosts numerous threatened species, including the Spanish Imperial Eagle, Iberian Lynx (the world's most endangered cat), and the Spur-thighed Tortoise. The marshlands attract large populations of flamingos, spoonbills, and various waterfowl. Notable mammals include wild boar, red deer, and Egyptian mongoose. The park's aquatic habitats support diverse fish species and the endangered European eel.
Doñana hosts over 750 plant species adapted to its diverse ecosystems. The Mediterranean scrubland features cork oaks, wild olives, and aromatic herbs like rosemary and thyme. Stone pines dominate the stabilized dunes, while pioneering species like marram grass colonize mobile dunes. The marshlands support extensive beds of reeds and rushes, alongside rare aquatic plants. Several endemic species make the park their exclusive home, including the Linaria tursica.
The park's distinctive landscape formed through centuries of interaction between the Guadalquivir River, Atlantic Ocean, and wind-blown sand deposits. It comprises four main ecosystems: coastal dunes, Mediterranean scrubland (cotos), marshlands (marismas), and the shoreline. The dynamic dune system continues to evolve, with mobile dunes moving up to 6 meters annually. The marshlands fluctuate dramatically between seasons, creating a unique hydrological system essential for wildlife.
Doñana's human history spans millennia, from ancient Phoenician and Roman settlements to its role as a royal hunting ground in the 13th century. The area gained its name from Doña Ana de Silva y Mendoza, wife of the 7th Duke of Medina Sidonia. In 1969, it was established as a national park through WWF's efforts and Spanish government support. The park achieved UNESCO World Heritage status in 1994, recognizing its exceptional natural value and conservation importance.
Doñana's most remarkable features include Europe's largest coastal dune system, stretching 25 kilometers along the Atlantic coast. The seasonal marshlands transform dramatically throughout the year, creating spectacular wildlife viewing opportunities. El Rocío village, on the park's edge, hosts Spain's largest religious pilgrimage. The park contains significant archaeological sites, including Roman ruins and the historic Palace of Doñana. Its position at the mouth of the Guadalquivir River creates a unique confluence of fresh and salt water ecosystems.
Doñana experiences a Mediterranean climate with Atlantic influences, characterized by mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers. Average temperatures range from 10°C (50°F) in winter to 25°C (77°F) in summer, though summer highs can exceed 35°C (95°F). The park receives around 600mm of annual rainfall, mostly between October and March, creating seasonal marshlands. Spring and autumn offer the most pleasant conditions for visitors, with moderate temperatures and spectacular bird migrations.
Spain
37.0420°, -6.4410°
1969
543
One of Europe's most important wetland reserves and a major site for migrating birds. The park contains a unique mix of ecosystems including marshlands, Mediterranean scrubland, and coastal dunes. It provides crucial habitat for numerous endangered species including the Iberian lynx.