Zamrud National Park hosts a diverse array of wildlife, including several endangered species. The park is home to the Sumatran Tiger, Sun Bear, and various primates including Gibbons and Macaques. The wetland areas support numerous bird species, with over 150 species recorded, including the Storm's Stork and Lesser Adjutant. The lakes contain various fish species, including the economically important Arowana. Several species of reptiles, including estuarine crocodiles and water monitors, inhabit the park's aquatic ecosystems.
The park's vegetation is dominated by peat swamp forest species adapted to the waterlogged conditions. Notable tree species include Ramin (Gonystylus bancanus), Meranti (Shorea sp.), and various species of Dipterocarpaceae. The understory contains numerous species of orchids, ferns, and medicinal plants. The park also features unique aquatic vegetation in and around its lakes, including water lilies and various emergent plant species. Many of these plant species are endemic to Sumatra's peat swamp ecosystems.
The park is characterized by its extensive peat swamp ecosystem, formed over thousands of years through the accumulation of partially decayed vegetation matter. The peat soil depth ranges from 2 to 12 meters, creating a unique hydrology system that maintains water levels throughout the year. The landscape features two major lakes - Lake Zamrud and Lake Pulau Besar - surrounded by peat domes. This geological formation is crucial for carbon storage and plays a vital role in regional water regulation and climate stability.
Zamrud National Park was established in 2016 to protect the unique peat swamp ecosystem and its inhabitants, particularly around Lake Zamrud and Lake Pulau Besar. The area has historically been home to indigenous Malay communities who have lived in harmony with the forest ecosystem for generations. Before its designation as a national park, the region faced challenges from illegal logging and land conversion. The park's creation marked a significant step in Indonesia's conservation efforts, protecting approximately 31,480 hectares of peat swamp forest ecosystem in Riau Province.
The park's most distinctive features are its two major lakes - Lake Zamrud and Lake Pulau Besar - which form the heart of the ecosystem. These lakes provide essential habitat for aquatic species and serve as natural water reservoirs. The surrounding peat swamp forest, with its unique stilt root systems and buttress roots, creates an otherworldly landscape. Several observation towers offer panoramic views of the forest canopy and lakes. The park also features several hiking trails, though access may be limited during the wet season. Traditional fishing activities by local communities are still permitted in designated areas, offering visitors insights into local culture and sustainable resource use.
Zamrud National Park experiences a typical tropical rainforest climate with high humidity and significant rainfall throughout the year. Average temperatures range from 25°C to 32°C (77°F to 90°F). The region has two main seasons: a drier period from May to September and a wetter season from October to April, with monthly rainfall averaging between 200-300mm. Visitors should be prepared for sudden afternoon thunderstorms, which are common even during the drier months. The best time to visit is during the drier season when trails are more accessible and wildlife viewing opportunities are optimal.
Indonesia
0.7830°, 102.0830°
2016
312
Zamrud National Park is characterized by its peat swamp forest ecosystem and two major lakes, Lake Zamrud and Lake Pulau Besar. The park serves as an important water catchment area and habitat for various endangered species. It contains unique flora and fauna adapted to the peat swamp environment.