The park's diverse ecosystems support a rich variety of wildlife, including several endangered species. Large mammals such as the mountain tapir, spectacled bear, and puma inhabit the region, along with smaller species like the northern pudu (world's smallest deer). The park is also home to over 230 bird species, including the Andean condor, torrent duck, and various hummingbird species. Notable amphibians include several endemic species of glass frogs and poison dart frogs, while reptiles such as the endemic Llanganates tree iguana can also be found.
Llanganates hosts an incredibly diverse array of plant species adapted to various ecological zones, from páramo grasslands to cloud forests. The park contains over 800 documented plant species, including rare orchids, bromeliads, and endemic species. The páramo zones feature characteristic frailejones (Espeletia), while the lower elevations support dense cloud forests with trees covered in mosses, lichens, and epiphytes. Notable species include the endangered Podocarpus tree and various medicinal plants traditionally used by indigenous communities.
The park's geological formation is characterized by ancient volcanic activity and glacial processes, resulting in a dramatic landscape of sharp peaks, deep valleys, and numerous lakes. The terrain consists primarily of metamorphic rocks, including schists and gneisses, dating back to the Paleozoic era. The park's elevation ranges from 1,200 to 4,571 meters above sea level at Cerro Hermoso peak. Glacial activity has created numerous lagoons and wetlands, while volcanic processes have contributed to the mineral-rich soil composition.
The Llanganates region holds significant historical importance, particularly related to Incan treasure. According to legend, when Spanish conquistadors captured Atahualpa, the last Inca emperor, his generals allegedly hid an enormous treasure in these mountains. This has led to numerous expeditions throughout history, earning the park the nickname 'Mountain of Gold.' The area was officially declared a National Park in 1996, covering 219,931 hectares. Indigenous communities have inhabited the surrounding areas for centuries, using traditional routes through the park for trade between the highlands and Amazon.
The park's most prominent features include the mysterious Cerro Hermoso peak, numerous glacial lakes including Laguna de Pisayambo, and extensive páramo ecosystems. The Llanganates-Sangay Ecological Corridor, a UNESCO World Heritage site, connects the park to Sangay National Park. The area contains important water sources that feed major rivers flowing to both the Pacific Ocean and Amazon Basin. Ancient Incan trails, including possible routes used to hide the legendary treasure, can still be found within the park. The park also features impressive waterfalls, thermal springs, and unique geological formations that attract researchers and adventurous tourists.
Llanganates National Park experiences a humid subtropical to alpine climate, varying significantly with elevation. The park receives heavy rainfall throughout the year, with annual precipitation ranging from 1,000 to 4,000 mm. Temperatures fluctuate between 3°C and 24°C, with cooler conditions at higher elevations. The wet season runs from December to May, while the relatively drier period extends from June to November. Visitors should be prepared for sudden weather changes, frequent mist and fog, and occasional snowfall at the highest peaks.
Ecuador
-1.2330°, -78.3500°
1996
2197
Llanganates National Park is known for its rugged mountain terrain and mysterious history linked to Incan treasure. The park contains diverse ecosystems from páramo to cloud forest, with numerous lakes and wetlands. It serves as an important water source and hosts unique wildlife including mountain tapirs and spectacled bears.