The park hosts a diverse array of high-altitude wildlife, including several endangered species. Large mammals include the white-tailed deer, Andean fox, puma, and the endangered Andean spectacled bear. The park is also home to numerous bird species such as the Andean condor, caracara, black-faced ibis, and various hummingbirds. Small mammals like the Andean rabbit, weasels, and various rodent species are common. The park's wetlands and small lakes support populations of Andean ducks and other waterfowl. Several endemic amphibian species can also be found in the park's diverse ecosystems.
The park's vegetation varies by altitude, featuring distinct ecological zones. The lower elevations support Andean forest species including pumamaqui, quishuar, and polylepis trees. The páramo ecosystem, found between 3,500 and 4,500 meters, is characterized by hardy bunch grasses (especially Calamagrostis), cushion plants, and the distinctive Espeletia or 'frailejón' plants. Above 4,500 meters, vegetation becomes increasingly sparse, with only the hardiest species like lichens and small flowering plants surviving. Notable species include chuquiragua (the national flower of mountain climbers), gentians, and various orchid species adapted to high-altitude conditions.
The park's geology is dominated by the symmetrical cone of Cotopaxi volcano, one of the world's highest active volcanoes at 5,897 meters (19,347 feet). The landscape features extensive lava flows, pyroclastic deposits, and glacial formations. The volcano's perfect conical shape was formed through countless eruptions depositing layers of volcanic material. The upper reaches are covered by permanent snow and ice, though climate change has significantly reduced the glacier's extent in recent decades. The surrounding terrain includes páramo highlands, volcanic rock formations, and numerous smaller volcanic features such as fumaroles and secondary cones.
Cotopaxi National Park was established in 1975 to protect the majestic Cotopaxi volcano and its surrounding ecological zone. The volcano holds great cultural significance for indigenous peoples, who considered it sacred. The name 'Cotopaxi' comes from the indigenous Quichua language, meaning 'Neck of the Moon.' The area has witnessed numerous volcanic eruptions throughout history, with significant events recorded in 1742, 1768, 1877, and most recently in 2015-2016. The park has been a crucial site for scientific research and has played a vital role in Ecuador's conservation efforts, protecting unique Andean ecosystems and cultural heritage.
Beyond the iconic Cotopaxi volcano, the park features several remarkable attractions. The Limpiopungo Lagoon, a glacial lake at 3,800 meters, offers stunning reflections of Cotopaxi and excellent birdwatching opportunities. The José F. Ribas Refuge at 4,864 meters serves as a base for climbers and offers basic accommodations. The park contains important Inca ruins, including the Pucará del Salitre fortress. The Interpretive Center provides educational exhibits about the park's ecology and geology. Various hiking trails offer access to scenic viewpoints, while the park's road system allows visitors to reach an altitude of 4,500 meters by vehicle. The park also features unique volcanic formations, including the Valle Encantado (Enchanted Valley) and numerous parasitic cones.
Cotopaxi National Park experiences a typical high-altitude equatorial climate with distinct wet and dry seasons. Temperatures can range dramatically from below freezing at night to around 20°C (68°F) during the day. The driest months are June through September, while the wettest period occurs from February to May. Weather conditions can change rapidly, with morning sunshine often giving way to afternoon clouds and precipitation. The park's altitude, ranging from 3,400 to 5,897 meters above sea level, creates multiple microclimates and visitors should be prepared for cold temperatures, strong winds, and possible snow or rain regardless of the season.
Ecuador
-0.6830°, -78.4370°
1975
334
Cotopaxi National Park is dominated by the iconic Cotopaxi volcano, one of the world's highest active volcanoes. The park features páramo landscapes, wild horses, and diverse wildlife including Andean foxes and condors. Its volcanic landscape includes lava flows, ash deposits, and glacial features.