The Galapagos Islands are renowned for their unique wildlife, which includes many endemic species that evolved in isolation. Iconic residents include the Galapagos giant tortoise, marine iguanas (the world's only sea-going lizard), flightless cormorants, and 13 species of Darwin's finches. The marine ecosystem is equally rich, hosting green sea turtles, Galapagos penguins (the only penguins north of the equator), sea lions, and numerous species of sharks and rays. The islands are also home to distinctive bird species such as blue-footed boobies, frigatebirds, and waved albatrosses, making it a crucial habitat for both terrestrial and marine wildlife.
The Galapagos hosts approximately 560 native plant species, of which about 180 are endemic. The vegetation varies dramatically by elevation and location, creating distinct zones from the arid coastal areas to the humid highlands. Notable species include the iconic Scalesia (known as the 'Galapagos daisy tree'), the prickly pear cactus (Opuntia), and the coral tree (Erythrina velutina). Mangrove forests line many coastal areas, while the highlands feature unique Miconia shrubs and tree ferns. Each island has developed its own distinct plant communities adapted to local conditions, demonstrating remarkable examples of adaptive radiation.
The Galapagos Islands are volcanic in origin, formed by the interaction between the Nazca and Pacific tectonic plates over a geological hotspot. The archipelago consists of 13 main islands and numerous smaller islets, with the oldest islands in the east dating back 3-4 million years and the youngest in the west still being formed through volcanic activity. Isabela and Fernandina Islands feature active volcanoes, with the most recent eruption occurring on Sierra Negra volcano in 2018. The islands showcase dramatic geological features including lava tubes, crater lakes, shield volcanoes, and distinctive black lava landscapes.
The Galapagos Islands were discovered accidentally in 1535 by Tomás de Berlanga, the Spanish Bishop of Panama. The archipelago gained worldwide fame after Charles Darwin's visit in 1835, which led to his theory of evolution. The islands were declared Ecuador's first national park in 1959, and in 1978, UNESCO designated them as a World Heritage Site. The Galapagos National Park Service was established in 1968 to manage and protect the unique ecosystem, with approximately 97% of the land area now protected. The islands have historically served as a haven for pirates, whalers, and early settlers, though today they are primarily dedicated to conservation and scientific research.
The Galapagos National Park offers several remarkable attractions and experiences. Post Office Bay on Floreana Island maintains a historic mail barrel where visitors continue a centuries-old tradition of hand-delivering letters. The Charles Darwin Research Station on Santa Cruz Island provides opportunities to see giant tortoise breeding programs in action. Pinnacle Rock on Bartolomé Island offers one of the archipelago's most photographed views. Visitors can snorkel at Kicker Rock near San Cristóbal Island, known for its abundant marine life, or witness the dramatic volcanic landscapes of Sullivan Bay on Santiago Island. The park is also famous for its pristine beaches, including the red sand of Rabida Island and the green olivine beach at Punta Cormorant.
The Galapagos Islands experience a unique subtropical climate with two distinct seasons. From June to December, the cool and dry season brings temperatures between 68-75°F (20-24°C) with occasional drizzles and misty conditions known locally as 'garúa.' The warm and wet season runs from January to May, with temperatures ranging from 77-84°F (25-29°C) and brief but intense afternoon showers. Ocean temperatures vary from 68°F (20°C) in the cool season to 75°F (24°C) in the warm season, influenced by various ocean currents including the cold Humboldt Current and the warm Panama Current.
Ecuador
-0.8330°, -91.1330°
1959
7995.4
The Galapagos National Park encompasses most of the Galapagos Islands archipelago, famous for its unique wildlife that inspired Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. The park features volcanic landscapes, pristine beaches, and endemic species including giant tortoises, marine iguanas, and Darwin's finches. It represents one of the world's most important natural laboratories for studying evolution.