The park hosts a rich diversity of Himalayan wildlife, including several endangered species. The snow leopard is the apex predator, sharing the habitat with other carnivores like the Himalayan black bear, brown bear, and common leopard. Herbivores include the bharal (blue sheep), Himalayan tahr, musk deer, and mountain goats. The park is also home to the snow cock, monal pheasant, and various other high-altitude bird species. Notable smaller mammals include the Himalayan marmot, red fox, and various species of pikas. The park's diverse ecological zones support numerous butterfly species and other invertebrates adapted to high-altitude conditions.
The park supports diverse vegetation zones that vary with altitude, from temperate to alpine and glacial zones. Lower elevations feature dense forests of chir pine, deodar, fir, spruce, and oak. The middle altitudes are adorned with birch, rhododendron, and juniper species. Alpine meadows above 3,500 meters showcase a variety of medicinal herbs, including Aconitum, Dactylorhiza hatagirea, and Picrorhiza kurrooa. The park also harbors rare high-altitude flowering plants like the Brahma Kamal (Saussurea obvallata), considered sacred in Hindu mythology. Vegetation becomes sparse at higher elevations, giving way to lichens and mosses near the snowline.
The park's geology is characterized by dramatic High Himalayan formations, featuring crystalline rocks, high-grade metamorphic rocks, and various glacial deposits. The landscape was shaped by intense tectonic activity and glaciation, resulting in deep valleys, moraines, and striking peak formations. The centerpiece is the Gangotri Glacier, one of the largest in the Central Himalayas, stretching approximately 30 kilometers. The park's elevation ranges from 1,800 meters to over 7,000 meters, encompassing various geological zones including the Greater Himalayan Crystalline Complex. Numerous subsidiary glaciers and snow-covered peaks contribute to its complex geological makeup.
Established in 1989, Gangotri National Park derives its name from the famous Gangotri glacier and temple, considered one of the most sacred Hindu sites. The park was created to protect the pristine wilderness around the source of the River Ganges (Bhagirathi) and its catchment area. Historically, this region has been of immense spiritual significance, with ancient Hindu texts mentioning it as the abode of gods and the place where King Bhagirath performed penance to bring the Ganges to Earth. The area has also been a traditional pilgrimage route for centuries, with holy men and devotees traveling through these mountains to reach the Gangotri shrine.
The park's most prominent feature is the Gangotri Glacier, source of the Bhagirathi River (a primary tributary of the Ganges). The Gaumukh glacier snout, resembling a cow's mouth, is a major pilgrimage site. Notable peaks within and around the park include Chaukhamba, Shivling, and Thalay Sagar, offering spectacular mountaineering opportunities. The park contains several high-altitude lakes and waterfalls, including Kedartal and Vasuki Tal. The ancient Gangotri Temple, though just outside the park boundaries, is an integral part of the region's cultural landscape. The park also features numerous trekking routes, including the famous trail to Gaumukh and Tapovan, offering stunning views of the Himalayan landscape.
Gangotri National Park experiences extreme climatic variations typical of high-altitude Himalayan regions. Summers (April to June) are mild with temperatures ranging from 15°C to 25°C, while winters (October to March) are severe with temperatures dropping well below freezing, often to -20°C. The park receives heavy snowfall during winter months, making many areas inaccessible. Monsoon season (July to September) brings moderate to heavy rainfall, increasing the risk of landslides. The best time to visit is during spring (March-April) and autumn (September-October) when the weather is relatively stable and suitable for trekking and wildlife viewing.
India
31.0830°, 79.1500°
1989
2390
Gangotri National Park is situated around the source of the River Ganges and contains pristine Himalayan landscapes. The park features high-altitude meadows, glaciers, and snow-capped peaks. It is home to numerous rare species including snow leopard, Himalayan tahr, and musk deer.