The complex harbors numerous endemic and endangered species, including the mountain tapir, spectacled bear, and Andean condor. Various hummingbird species thrive in the area, alongside unique amphibians adapted to high-altitude conditions. The presence of pumas, deer, and several endangered bird species makes this region an important wildlife corridor in the Colombian Andes. Camera trap studies continue to reveal new insights about the area's biodiversity.
The volcanic complex supports diverse vegetation zones ranging from high-altitude páramo grasslands to dense Andean forest. Notable species include frailejones (Espeletia), unique to páramo ecosystems, and various orchid species. The lower slopes feature extensive bamboo forests and endemic plant species adapted to volcanic soils. This botanical diversity has made the area a significant site for scientific research and conservation efforts.
The complex consists of several overlapping volcanic structures, with Doña Juana being the dominant edifice reaching 4,150 meters (13,615 feet) in elevation. It features a horseshoe-shaped caldera formed by ancient collapses and subsequent eruptions. The volcano is composed primarily of andesitic and dacitic lavas, with numerous pyroclastic deposits indicating its explosive history. Active fumaroles and hot springs throughout the complex demonstrate ongoing volcanic activity.
The Doña Juana volcano has been historically active, with its most significant recorded eruption occurring in 1897-1898. This event dramatically impacted local communities and transformed the surrounding landscape. Indigenous peoples, including the Inga and Kamentsa communities, have long considered this area sacred, incorporating the volcano into their cultural traditions and oral histories. The complex was designated as part of a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in 1979, recognizing its ecological and cultural significance.
Key attractions include the main crater viewpoint, offering panoramic views of the surrounding Andes, and several thermal springs accessible via marked trails. The complex features distinctive geological formations, including ancient lava flows and volcanic domes. Several sacred sites important to local indigenous communities can be found within the complex. The area also contains well-preserved examples of páramo ecosystem adaptation to volcanic conditions, making it valuable for both scientific study and ecotourism.
The Doña Juana Volcanic Complex experiences a cool tropical mountain climate typical of the Colombian Andes. Average temperatures range from 8-16°C (46-61°F), with significant daily variations. The area receives substantial rainfall throughout the year, with slightly drier conditions from June to August. Cloud cover is common, especially in the afternoons, and visitors should be prepared for sudden weather changes. The best visiting conditions typically occur during early morning hours when skies are clearest.
Colombia
1.4750°, -76.9380°
2007
650.85
A volcanic complex featuring multiple peaks and diverse ecosystems. The park protects important páramo environments and Andean forests. It serves as a vital water source for surrounding communities and hosts unique highland species.