Singalila harbors numerous rare and endangered species, including the elusive Red Panda, its flagship species. Other notable mammals include the Himalayan Black Bear, Clouded Leopard, Yellow-throated Marten, and various species of deer. The park is also a paradise for bird watchers, hosting over 120 bird species including the Scarlet Minivet, Blood Pheasant, Satyr Tragopan, and various species of sunbirds. Several species of butterflies, including rare varieties like the Kaiser-i-Hind, add to the park's biodiversity.
The park showcases remarkable botanical diversity with over 600 species of plants. The vegetation varies with altitude, featuring subtropical forests in lower regions transitioning to temperate and subalpine forests at higher elevations. Notable species include rhododendrons (with 24 different varieties), magnolias, orchids, and bamboo. The park is particularly famous for its spectacular rhododendron blooms in spring, creating vibrant displays of red, pink, and white flowers. Oak, maple, and silver fir trees dominate the upper reaches, while the lower altitudes feature dense bamboo thickets.
The park is situated along the Singalila Ridge, a prominent geographical feature of the Eastern Himalayas, with elevations ranging from 2,400 to 3,636 meters (7,874 to 11,929 feet). The ridge consists primarily of ancient metamorphic rocks, including gneisses and schists, formed through intense geological processes millions of years ago. The landscape is characterized by steep slopes, deep valleys, and high-altitude meadows. The unique geological formation creates various microclimates that support diverse ecosystems.
Singalila National Park was established in 1992, though the area has been historically significant as a trading route between Nepal and India. The region was originally used by local shepherds and yak herders, and later became popular with British colonial administrators as a trekking destination. The park gets its name from the Singalila Ridge, which forms a natural border between India and Nepal. In recognition of its unique biodiversity and ecological importance, it was first declared a Wildlife Sanctuary in 1986 before being upgraded to National Park status.
The park's most distinctive feature is the panoramic view of four of the world's five highest peaks: Everest, Kanchenjunga, Lhotse, and Makalu. The Sandakphu peak (3,636m), the highest point in West Bengal, offers these spectacular views. The Singalila Ridge Trek, one of India's most popular high-altitude treks, runs through the park. Other notable features include the sacred Phalut peak, numerous Buddhist monasteries in surrounding villages, and the unique blend of Nepali, Tibetan, and Bengali cultures in the region. The park also contains several high-altitude lakes and meditation spots used by Buddhist monks.
Singalila National Park experiences a temperate climate with distinct seasonal variations. Summers (March to May) are mild with temperatures ranging from 10°C to 20°C, while winters (November to February) are severe with temperatures dropping below freezing, often accompanied by snowfall. The monsoon season (June to September) brings heavy rainfall, making trails slippery and visibility poor. The best time to visit is during spring (March-May) and autumn (October-November) when the weather is pleasant and clear, offering spectacular views of the Himalayas, including Mount Kanchenjunga.
India
27.1330°, 88.0170°
1992
78.6
Singalila National Park is located along the Singalila Ridge at the India-Nepal border. The park offers stunning views of Mount Kanchenjunga and is known for its red pandas. It features high-altitude rhododendron forests and unique Himalayan biodiversity.