The park is home to an impressive array of wildlife, including over 400 bird species, making it an Important Bird Area (IBA). Notable species include the endangered vinaceous-breasted amazon parrot and bare-throated bellbird. Large mammals such as jaguars, pumas, and tapirs still inhabit the park, though they are rarely seen. The park also supports significant populations of howler monkeys, capuchin monkeys, and over 60 species of bats. Numerous endangered amphibians and reptiles find refuge within the park's boundaries.
San Rafael harbors over 400 tree species and countless other plant varieties, representing one of the most diverse botanical assemblages in Paraguay. The park features multiple vegetation zones, including upper canopy forest dominated by lapacho, cedar, and yvyra pyta trees, reaching heights of up to 35 meters. The understory contains dense populations of tree ferns, bamboo, and numerous orchid species. Several endemic plant species can be found here, making it a crucial area for botanical conservation.
The park is situated within the Paraná Basin, featuring distinctive red sandstone formations and basaltic rocks dating back to the Mesozoic era. The terrain is characterized by rolling hills and valleys, with elevations ranging from 100 to 500 meters above sea level. The Cordillera San Rafael forms the park's backbone, creating a diverse landscape of ridges, slopes, and waterways. Soil composition varies from rich terra rossa to sandy loam, supporting the region's exceptional biodiversity.
Established in 1992, San Rafael National Park was created to protect one of Paraguay's last remaining portions of Interior Atlantic Forest. The area has historical significance for indigenous Mbya Guarani communities who have lived in the region for centuries. Initially designated as a National Park, it was later reclassified as a Reserve for Sustainable Development in 2002 to better accommodate local communities' needs while maintaining conservation efforts. The park represents a crucial effort to preserve Paraguay's natural heritage against the backdrop of extensive deforestation in the region.
Key attractions include the Cerro Tres Kandú, the highest point in the park offering panoramic views of the surrounding forest. The park contains numerous waterfalls and crystal-clear streams, ideal for hiking and wildlife observation. Traditional Mbya Guarani communities within and around the park offer cultural experiences and insights into sustainable forest use. Several well-marked trails provide access to different ecosystems, while research stations and visitor centers offer educational opportunities about the park's biodiversity and conservation efforts.
San Rafael National Park experiences a subtropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons. Average temperatures range from 16-25°C (61-77°F) in winter (May-August) and 22-35°C (72-95°F) in summer (December-March). The wettest months are October through April, with frequent afternoon thunderstorms. Visitors should be prepared for high humidity throughout the year, particularly during summer months. Morning fog is common in the valleys, typically clearing by mid-morning.
Paraguay
-26.5170°, -55.6330°
1992
730
San Rafael National Park is one of Paraguay's largest remaining Atlantic Forest regions. It is recognized as an Important Bird Area and hosts numerous endangered species including the jaguar and harpy eagle. The park contains both humid subtropical forest and savanna ecosystems, making it a crucial conservation area.