The reserve is home to approximately 35 species of mammals, including the Bengal tiger, Indian elephant, gaur, sambar deer, and lion-tailed macaque. It supports over 265 bird species, including the Malabar grey hornbill and great pied hornbill. The sanctuary also harbors 45 reptile species, 40 fish species, and 160 butterfly species, making it a biodiversity hotspot in the Western Ghats.
Periyar boasts diverse vegetation types, including tropical evergreen, semi-evergreen, moist deciduous forests, grasslands, and eucalyptus plantations. The sanctuary houses over 1,965 flowering plants, including 171 grass species and 143 orchid species. Notable species include teak, rosewood, sandalwood, mangoes, jamun, and various medicinal plants. The region is also famous for its spice plantations, particularly cardamom, pepper, and coffee.
The sanctuary is situated in the cardamom hills of the Western Ghats, featuring varied terrain ranging from 100 to 2,019 meters above sea level. The landscape is characterized by rolling hills, deep valleys, and the artificial Periyar Lake. The region's bedrock consists primarily of Precambrian rocks, including gneisses and charkonites, with rich mineral deposits contributing to the area's unique biodiversity.
Periyar Tiger Reserve, established in 1934, was originally the hunting ground of the Maharaja of Travancore. The creation of the Mullaperiyar Dam in 1895 submerged part of the forest, forming the Periyar Lake. In 1978, it was designated as a Tiger Reserve under Project Tiger, becoming one of India's most successful conservation projects. The area has since evolved from a hunting preserve to a prime example of conservation and sustainable ecotourism.
Periyar Lake, formed by the Mullaperiyar Dam, is the centerpiece of the sanctuary, offering boat safaris for wildlife viewing. The Mangala Devi Temple, an ancient shrine accessible only during specific festivals, provides panoramic views of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The sanctuary's eco-tourism initiatives, including guided nature walks, border hiking, bamboo rafting, and tribal heritage tours, make it a unique destination combining conservation with sustainable tourism.
Periyar experiences a tropical climate with three distinct seasons: summer (March-May), monsoon (June-September), and winter (October-February). Average temperatures range from 15°C to 30°C year-round. The monsoon brings heavy rainfall, making the sanctuary lush and vibrant, though some activities may be limited. Winter offers the most pleasant conditions for wildlife viewing and outdoor activities, with clear skies and moderate temperatures.
India
9.4680°, 77.2360°
1950
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Periyar National Park is centered around an artificial lake formed by the Mullaperiyar Dam. The park is home to Indian elephants, tigers, and numerous bird species. It is known for its diverse ecosystem and boat safaris on the lake.