Kurshskaya Kosa

The Curonian Spit serves as a vital stopover point on the East Atlantic Flyway, with over 100 bird species using it during migration. The park is home to various mammals including elk, wild boar, and red fox. The coastal waters host diverse marine life, including Baltic herring and various seal species. The area is particularly important for bird watching, with the Rybachy Biological Station conducting regular ornithological research. Notable bird species include white-tailed eagles, cormorants, and various species of waterfowl. The park also supports numerous invertebrate species adapted to the unique dune environment.

The park's vegetation plays a crucial role in stabilizing the dunes and preventing erosion. The area features extensive pine forests, primarily Scots Pine, planted during the 19th-century stabilization efforts. The coastal areas host specialized dune vegetation including European marram grass, sea holly, and various species of lichens and mosses. The forest understory contains typical northern European species such as bilberry and lingonberry. Several rare plant species can be found in the park, including Baltic toadflax and sea pea, making it an important botanical conservation area.

The Curonian Spit is a 98-kilometer-long sandy peninsula that separates the Curonian Lagoon from the Baltic Sea. It was formed by the sea and wind action about 5,000 years ago and continues to be shaped by these forces today. The spit features some of Europe's highest drifting sand dunes, reaching heights of up to 60 meters. The landscape consists of various dune formations, including parabolic dunes, transverse dunes, and protective foredunes. The constant interaction between sea, wind, and sand creates a dynamic geological environment that requires ongoing management to maintain stability.

The Curonian Spit experiences a maritime climate with mild winters and cool summers. Average summer temperatures range from 16-22°C (61-72°F), while winters typically see temperatures between -2 and 4°C (28-39°F). The area receives significant rainfall throughout the year, with autumn being particularly wet. Strong winds are common due to the peninsula's exposure between the Baltic Sea and the Curonian Lagoon, making it an ideal location for wind sports. The best time to visit is from May to September when weather conditions are most favorable for outdoor activities.

The Curonian Spit has been inhabited since prehistoric times, with early settlements dating back to the Stone Age. The area was historically home to the Baltic Curonians, who gave the spit its name. During the 19th century, the region faced a major ecological crisis when deforestation led to sand dunes threatening to bury local villages. A massive dune stabilization project began in 1803, led by Danish dune inspector Søren Bjørn, which involved planting thousands of trees and creating protective dune systems. The area was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2000, recognizing its unique cultural landscape and the human effort to preserve it.

Key attractions include the Dancing Forest, known for its unusually twisted pine trees, and the Efa Height dune with its panoramic views. The park features several historic lighthouses, including the 19th-century Rybachy Lighthouse. The Müller Height observation deck offers spectacular views of both the Baltic Sea and Curonian Lagoon. Visitors can explore the Museum of the Forest and Man, which details the area's ecological history and conservation efforts. The park also includes several well-marked hiking trails, cycling routes, and designated swimming areas. The village of Rybachy, formerly Rossitten, houses the historic ornithological station and provides insights into the local fishing culture.