The park supports a diverse wildlife population, including mammals such as white-tailed deer, coyotes, rabbits, and various species of small rodents. Bird life is particularly rich, with resident species including the red-tailed hawk, golden eagle, and various woodpeckers. The park serves as an important stopover for migratory birds. Reptiles and amphibians found in the park include several species of lizards, snakes, and salamanders. Some species in the park are considered threatened or endangered, making it an important conservation area.
The park's vegetation is dominated by mixed forests of pine (Pinus) and oak (Quercus) species, with sacred fir (Abies religiosa) found at higher elevations. Notable pine species include Pinus montezumae and Pinus hartwegii. The understory features a rich variety of shrubs, including madrone (Arbutus) and elderberry (Sambucus). Alpine meadows at higher elevations support diverse wildflower communities, including lupines and paintbrush. The park also harbors several endemic plant species and serves as an important watershed for the Mexico City region.
The park is situated within the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, featuring volcanic formations from the Cenozoic era. The landscape is characterized by rolling hills, deep canyons, and volcanic outcrops. The underlying rock structure consists primarily of andesite and basalt, with significant deposits of volcanic ash and pumice. Erosional processes have created distinctive geological features throughout the park, including exposed cliff faces and natural terraces. The soil is predominantly volcanic in origin, contributing to the area's rich biodiversity.
The national park was established on September 18, 1936, under President Lázaro Cárdenas, to protect the natural and historical heritage of the area. The park is named after Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a key figure in Mexico's independence movement. The area has historical significance dating back to pre-Hispanic times when it served as a natural boundary between different indigenous groups. During the colonial period, the region was an important route connecting Mexico City with western territories. The park's creation was part of a larger national conservation movement in the 1930s aimed at protecting Mexico's natural resources.
Key attractions include the historic La Marquesa area, popular for horseback riding and traditional Mexican restaurants. The park offers extensive hiking trails, including paths leading to scenic viewpoints overlooking Mexico City. Recreational areas include designated picnic spots, camping grounds, and facilities for outdoor sports. The park's proximity to Mexico City makes it a crucial green space for urban residents, offering opportunities for environmental education and nature appreciation. Several traditional communities within and around the park maintain cultural practices that add to its historical and cultural significance.
The park experiences a temperate climate typical of central Mexico's highlands, with average temperatures ranging from 10-22°C (50-72°F). Summers (June-September) bring regular afternoon rainfall and mild temperatures, while winters (December-February) are cool and dry with occasional frost at higher elevations. The park's elevation, ranging from 2,800 to 3,500 meters above sea level, creates distinct microclimates throughout its territory. Visitors should be prepared for sudden weather changes, particularly in the afternoon when fog and clouds often roll in.
Mexico
19.4170°, -99.3170°
1936
19.36
Located in the mountains west of Mexico City, this park protects important forest ecosystems. It features hiking trails, picnic areas, and excellent views of the Valley of Mexico. The park is named after Miguel Hidalgo, a key figure in Mexican independence.