The park harbors diverse wildlife, including several endangered species. Notable mammals include the Javan leopard (Panthera pardus melas), long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis), and various species of civets. The area is also home to over 100 bird species, including the Javan hawk-eagle (Nisaetus bartelsi) and various hornbill species. Endemic butterflies and insects contribute to the park's biodiversity, while several species of reptiles and amphibians inhabit the mountain's various ecological zones.
The park's vegetation varies distinctly with altitude, featuring tropical lowland forest below 1,000m, montane forest between 1,000-2,400m, and alpine vegetation above 2,400m. Notable species include Javanese Elder (Sambucus javanica), Mountain Gum (Eucalyptus), and various endemic orchids. The upper slopes host unique edelweiss fields (Anaphalis javanica), while the lower regions contain economically important plants like coffee and tea. Dense stands of Casuarina forest characterize certain areas, particularly on the eastern slopes.
The mountain is a dormant stratovolcano that last erupted in 1797. Its distinctive profile features multiple summits formed by ancient volcanic activity, with the highest being Syarif Peak at 3,145 meters. The volcano's structure consists primarily of andesitic and basaltic rocks, with numerous parasitic cones and lava domes on its flanks. The mountain's slopes exhibit clear evidence of past volcanic activity, including ancient lava flows and pyroclastic deposits, creating a complex geological landscape.
Merbabu, whose name derives from 'Meru' (mountain) and 'Abu' (ash), has deep cultural significance in Javanese history. The mountain has been considered sacred since ancient times, playing a crucial role in Hindu-Buddhist traditions before Islam became prevalent in Java. Historical records show that hermits and religious practitioners have used the mountain's slopes for meditation since the 8th century. The area was officially designated as a national park in 2004, covering approximately 5,725 hectares of protected ecosystem.
The park's most distinctive feature is its series of seven peaks, with Syarif being the highest. The mountain offers spectacular views of neighboring volcanoes including Merapi, Sumbing, and on clear days, distant Lawu. Several established hiking trails provide access to the summit, with Selo being the most popular starting point. The park contains several sacred sites and springs considered holy by local communities. The mountain's slopes feature traditional agricultural terraces, showcasing local farming practices that have existed for generations.
Gunung Merbabu experiences a tropical monsoon climate typical of Central Java. The dry season runs from April to October, offering the best hiking conditions with average temperatures between 15-25°C (59-77°F). The wet season occurs from November to March, bringing frequent afternoon rainfall and reduced visibility. At the summit (3,145m), temperatures can drop to 5°C (41°F) or lower, especially during dawn hours. Fog typically develops in the afternoon, making morning climbs advisable for the best views and safest conditions.
Indonesia
-7.4550°, 110.4350°
2004
57.25
Gunung Merbabu National Park is centered around the dormant volcanic Mount Merbabu. The park features highland forests and alpine meadows with stunning panoramic views. It serves as an important water catchment area for the surrounding regions and hosts various endemic plant species.