The area is home to several globally significant species, most notably the critically endangered Gobi bear (Ursus arctos gobiensis), of which only about 30 individuals remain in the wild. Other notable species include the wild Bactrian camel (Camelus ferus), Gobi argali sheep (Ovis ammon), Siberian ibex (Capra sibirica), and various gazelle species. The protected area also supports significant populations of birds of prey, including golden eagles and lammergeiers. Several species of reptiles and small mammals have adapted to the extreme desert conditions, making the area a unique ecosystem for desert wildlife.
Despite the harsh desert conditions, the protected area supports a remarkable variety of desert-adapted plants, with over 400 species recorded. The vegetation is predominantly desert and semi-desert types, including drought-resistant shrubs such as Saxaul (Haloxylon ammodendron), various species of Artemisia, and ephemeral plants that complete their life cycles during brief periods of rainfall. Several endemic plant species are found here, particularly in the mountain and oasis areas. The vegetation plays a crucial role in preventing soil erosion and providing vital habitat for desert wildlife.
The protected area features diverse geological formations characteristic of the Gobi Desert ecosystem. The landscape includes vast gravel plains, rocky outcrops, mountain ranges reaching elevations of up to 2,695 meters, and areas of sand dunes. The Trans-Altai Gobi region within the protected area is characterized by its unique black gravel desert plains and deeply eroded landscapes. Ancient geological processes have exposed rock formations dating back millions of years, making the area significant for paleontological research, with numerous dinosaur fossil discoveries in the surrounding regions.
Great Gobi A was established as a Strictly Protected Area in 1975, primarily to protect the critically endangered Gobi bear (Mazaalai) and other rare desert species. The area has a rich cultural history, with evidence of human habitation dating back thousands of years, including ancient trade routes along the Silk Road. Traditional nomadic herders have historically used parts of the region for seasonal grazing, though this practice is now strictly regulated. The protected area has been expanded several times since its establishment and now covers approximately 4.4 million hectares, making it one of the largest strictly protected areas in Central Asia.
Key features include the Atas Bogd Mountain range, which provides crucial water sources and habitats for wildlife, and numerous natural springs and oases that sustain both wildlife and vegetation. The area contains important archaeological sites, including ancient petroglyphs and remnants of historical settlements. The protected area's vast, undisturbed landscapes offer unparalleled opportunities for scientific research and wildlife observation. However, access is strictly controlled to protect the fragile ecosystem and endangered species, with visitors requiring special permits and guided tours arranged through authorized agencies.
The Great Gobi A Protected Area experiences an extreme continental climate typical of the Gobi Desert region. Summers are hot and dry with temperatures reaching up to 40°C (104°F), while winters are severely cold, dropping to -40°C (-40°F). Precipitation is minimal, averaging only 100mm annually, with most rainfall occurring during brief summer storms. Strong winds are common throughout the year, particularly in spring, often causing sandstorms that can reduce visibility. The area experiences dramatic daily temperature fluctuations, with differences of up to 30°C between day and night temperatures.
Mongolia
44.0000°, 96.0000°
1975
44190
Great Gobi A is a strictly protected desert region that serves as a critical habitat for wild Bactrian camels and Gobi bears. The area consists of desert and semi-desert landscapes. It represents one of the last remaining habitats for several endangered species.