Anavilhanas is home to an extraordinary diversity of wildlife, including over 60 mammal species, 400 bird species, and numerous reptiles, amphibians, and fish. Notable mammals include the endangered Amazonian manatee, pink river dolphins, jaguar, and various monkey species such as the golden-handed tamarin. The park is a crucial habitat for numerous bird species, including the harpy eagle and various macaws. The black waters host unique fish species adapted to the acidic conditions, including numerous ornamental fish species popular in the aquarium trade.
The park showcases diverse vegetation types, including igapó (blackwater flooded forest), terra firme (upland forest), and campinarana (white sand forest). These ecosystems host thousands of plant species, including numerous endemic varieties. Notable species include the Brazil nut tree, various orchids, bromeliads, and palm species such as açaí and buriti. The igapó forests are particularly unique, with plants adapted to spend months underwater during flood seasons. Many trees produce fruits that become essential food sources for fish during the flooded period.
Anavilhanas features the world's largest riverine archipelago system, comprising over 400 islands and countless channels within the Rio Negro. The archipelago was formed through centuries of sediment deposition from the river, creating a complex network of islands, lakes, and channels that constantly evolve with seasonal water level changes. The black water of the Rio Negro, colored by dissolved organic compounds from decomposing vegetation, creates unique chemical conditions that influence local ecosystems. The soil is predominantly sandy and nutrient-poor, typical of the Amazon basin's ancient geological formation.
The park was initially established as an Ecological Station in 1981 before being upgraded to National Park status in 2008 to promote sustainable tourism while protecting the unique ecosystem. The area has been historically inhabited by indigenous peoples, including the Waimiri-Atroari tribe. The region played a significant role during the Amazon rubber boom of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when rubber tappers established settlements along the Rio Negro. The park's creation marked a crucial step in preserving one of the world's largest riverine archipelagos and its surrounding rainforest ecosystem.
The park's most distinctive feature is its vast archipelago system, creating a maze-like landscape that changes dramatically between flood and dry seasons. The black water beaches that emerge during the dry season offer unique recreational opportunities. The park is also known for its pink river dolphin observation points, particularly near Novo Airão. Several ancient trees, some over 500 years old, can be found within the park. Visitors can explore various hiking trails, including the Terra Firme Trail, which showcases the rainforest's diversity. The park also features several observation towers providing panoramic views of the archipelago and surrounding forest.
Anavilhanas National Park experiences a typical Amazonian equatorial climate with high temperatures and humidity year-round. The average temperature ranges from 26°C to 32°C (79-90°F), with two distinct seasons: a rainy season from December to May, and a drier season from June to November. During the rainy season, water levels can rise significantly, flooding parts of the forest and creating unique aquatic ecosystems. The best time to visit is during the drier season when trails are more accessible and mosquitoes are less prevalent, though afternoon showers remain common throughout the year.
Brazil
-2.6500°, -60.7500°
2008
3502
Anavilhanas National Park protects the world's largest riverine archipelago, consisting of hundreds of islands in the Rio Negro. The park features unique black water ecosystems and flooded forests. It is home to various species of birds, mammals, and aquatic life including the Amazon River dolphin.