Serra de Caldas

Serra de Caldas State Park, officially Parque Estadual da Serra de Caldas Novas (PESCAN), protects 12,315 hectares of a table mountain rising above the Caldas Novas thermal resort region in south-central Goiás. ^[1] Established in 1970 by Law No. 7.282, it is the first and oldest state park in Goiás, founded specifically to safeguard the recharge zone of the Caldas Novas thermal aquifer. ^[2] The park encompasses the cuesta escarpments, quartzite plateau, and gallery forests that feed the hot springs that made Caldas Novas and Rio Quente internationally famous tourist destinations. Its combination of cerrado biodiversity, unique geothermal hydrology, and spectacular cliff scenery makes Serra de Caldas a keystone of conservation in Goiás.

The park is a refuge for cerrado mammals including maned wolf, giant anteater, jaguarundi, puma, ocelot, and pampas deer, alongside smaller species such as coatis, crab-eating foxes, and armadillos. Black howler and capuchin monkeys inhabit gallery forests along the streams descending the escarpment. More than 250 bird species have been recorded, including red-legged seriemas, red-and-green macaws, curl-crested jays, toco toucans, and the collared forest falcon. Cliff-dwelling species such as the biscutate swift nest in crevices of the quartzite walls. Reptiles include boas, rattlesnakes, and tegus, while amphibians tied to perennial streams depend on the park's intact gallery forests and steady groundwater discharge.

Vegetation includes cerrado sensu stricto, cerradão, campo rupestre, and gallery forests that vary with elevation and soil depth. The high quartzite plateau supports a sparse flora adapted to nutrient-poor, well-drained soils, including vellozias, Paepalanthus, small leguminous shrubs, and clumping grasses. Lower slopes host classic cerrado trees such as pequi, sucupira, lobeira, and ipê-amarelo, while the gallery forests shelter embaúba, copaíba, figs, and orchids in humid microclimates. Buriti palms line wetter portions of stream courses along the base of the escarpment. Fire-adapted herbaceous species dominate open campos, and the flora shows strong affinities with other quartzite highlands of central Brazil, contributing to the park's scientific value.

Serra de Caldas is a classic cuesta formed by Proterozoic sedimentary rocks with low-grade metamorphism that originated approximately one billion years ago in a marine environment, subsequently shaped by two major tectonic events around 600 and 130 million years ago. ^[1] Its steep eastern and southern scarps rise more than 400 meters above the surrounding plains, while a flat plateau stretches up to 1,043 meters elevation. ^[2] The fractured rock is highly permeable and acts as a massive recharge zone: rainwater infiltrates the plateau, percolates deep into the crust along fault systems, and emerges as thermal springs in Caldas Novas and Rio Quente below. Water is heated geothermally at depth without volcanic activity, a globally rare phenomenon; the park has been included among Brazil's most important geological sites by a UNESCO-linked commission. ^[1]

The park has a tropical savanna climate with two distinct seasons: warm and wet from October to April and cooler and dry from May to September. Annual rainfall averages 1,500 to 1,700 millimeters, concentrated in summer thunderstorms, while the dry winter months see almost no precipitation. Daytime temperatures on the plateau range from 24 to 30 degrees Celsius year-round, though winter nights can drop to near 10 degrees Celsius. Rainfall infiltrating the plateau is essential for recharging the thermal aquifer; prolonged drought can reduce spring discharge, threatening both ecosystems and the tourism economy below. Fog and high humidity are common along the escarpment edges during transition seasons, supporting specialized cliff and forest microhabitats.

Indigenous peoples including Caiapó and Goyá used the Caldas Novas thermal waters for bathing and ceremonial purposes long before European contact. Colonial bandeirantes described the hot springs in the eighteenth century, and small-scale settlement followed in the nineteenth century. The town of Caldas Novas grew slowly until mid-twentieth-century development turned it into a mass tourism destination centered on hotels with thermal pools. Recognition that the hot springs depended entirely on rainfall recharge atop the Serra de Caldas mountain led to growing conservation awareness in the 1960s, culminating in the park's creation. The surrounding lowlands were heavily transformed by ranching and tourism, making the protected plateau an increasingly isolated natural enclave in a rapidly developing region.

Established by Goiás state Law No. 7.282 on September 25, 1970, PESCAN is the first state park in Goiás, founded specifically to safeguard the recharge zone of the Caldas Novas thermal aquifer. ^[1] Its creation was championed by hydrogeologists and state planners who recognized that unregulated land use on the plateau would threaten the springs fueling the region's economy. Over the decades the park has expanded its visitor infrastructure, adopted a formal management plan, and become a focus of scientific research on cerrado and hydrothermal systems. Management is under SEMAD, and the park cooperates with Caldas Novas municipal authorities and tourism businesses whose livelihoods depend on continued aquifer health. Frequent dry-season wildfires remain the park's principal management challenge.

Visitors can explore several marked trails across the plateau and along the escarpment rim, including routes that offer panoramic views over Caldas Novas and the surrounding cerrado lowlands. Visitor attractions include three accessible waterfalls (Cascatinha, Confusão, and Paredão), the Rua de Pedra canyon formation, and viewpoints such as Mirante do Minério and Pedra do Amor. ^[1] Short loops showcase cerrado vegetation, rupestrian fields, and small seasonal waterfalls after the rainy season. Guided hikes interpret the park's hydrological role, geology, and cerrado ecology. Camping inside the park is not permitted, but day-hiking routes range from easy family walks to longer treks for experienced visitors seeking more remote sections of the plateau.

The park lies adjacent to the tourist city of Caldas Novas, approximately 180 kilometers south of Goiânia and around 300 kilometers from Brasília via BR-153 and BR-020. ^[1] Two main access points serve visitors, each with parking, visitor centers, restrooms, and picnic areas; the main entrance is on Avenida Bento de Godoy in rural Caldas Novas. Caldas Novas and Rio Quente offer extensive hotels, pousadas, restaurants, and transportation services, making the park easy to combine with thermal-pool tourism. Trails are open during daytime hours, and visitors should bring water, sun protection, sturdy footwear, and insect repellent. Access may be restricted during high fire-risk periods in the dry season.

Protecting the Caldas Novas thermal aquifer is the park's defining conservation mission, requiring strict limits on mining, agriculture, and development within the plateau. Wildfire management is a year-round priority, with firebreaks, prescribed burns, and brigade training supported by Prevfogo and municipal partners. Invasive grasses and dry-season arson remain persistent threats to cerrado vegetation. Long-term monitoring tracks spring discharge, vegetation recovery, and biodiversity indicators in partnership with federal universities. Environmental education programs engage tourists and local schools to raise awareness of the link between protecting the plateau and sustaining Caldas Novas's tourism economy. Climate change is a growing concern, as declining rainfall could directly affect both ecosystems and hot-spring flows.