Acaraí

Acaraí State Park is a coastal protected area located in the municipality of São Francisco do Sul on the northern coast of Santa Catarina state, Brazil. Covering approximately 6,667 hectares, the park encompasses a diverse coastal landscape including restinga (coastal sandplain vegetation), Atlantic Forest remnants, coastal lagoons, and freshwater wetlands formed by the Acaraí and Perequê rivers. ^[1] Created by State Decree No. 3.517 on September 23, 2005, and managed by the Santa Catarina State Environment Department (IMA), the park was established to conserve coastal ecosystems that are under heavy pressure from tourism development and urban expansion along Santa Catarina's rapidly growing northern coast.

The park's coastal and wetland environments support a rich diversity of wildlife, including 176 bird species, 35 reptile species, 17 amphibian species, and 20 non-flying mammal species. ^[1] The Acaraí River system supports 38 fish species. The coastal lagoons and wetlands attract waterbirds including southern lapwing, roseate spoonbill, various egret and heron species, and seasonally large concentrations of migratory shorebirds on the Atlantic Flyway. Mammals present include capybara, marsh deer, coati, and crab-eating raccoon in the wetland margins. Nesting sea turtles use the park's beaches, making the shoreline an important marine turtle habitat during the summer months.

The park features a mosaic of coastal vegetation types dominated by restinga — a distinct plant community adapted to the nutrient-poor, well-drained soils of coastal sand deposits. Restinga vegetation grades from open herbaceous formations near the shoreline to dense shrubby thickets and eventually into taller restinga forest farther inland. Atlantic Forest fragments occur on more elevated and stable terrain. The Acaraí River margins are fringed by aquatic macrophytes, sedge marshes, and riparian vegetation. The park protects several endemic or locally rare plant species associated with Santa Catarina's coastal ecosystems, including orchids and bromeliads. A total of 337 plant species have been documented within the park. ^[1]

The park's landscape is shaped by Quaternary coastal processes — beach ridge formation, dune development, and lagoon creation driven by sea level fluctuations during the Pleistocene and Holocene. The sandy substrate of the restinga formed through longshore drift and aeolian deposition, creating a barrier landform that separates coastal water bodies from the Atlantic Ocean. Older consolidated dune ridges alternate with lower inter-ridge depressions occupied by wetlands and lagoons. The underlying geology of the São Francisco do Sul area includes Precambrian crystalline rocks of the coastal Santa Catarina highlands, though these are not exposed within the park's coastal lowland zone.

Santa Catarina's northern coast experiences a humid subtropical climate without a pronounced dry season. Rainfall is distributed throughout the year, averaging 1,500–1,800 millimeters annually, with slightly higher totals in summer months (December–February). Temperatures are mild, averaging 18–24°C, with summer maxima occasionally reaching 32°C and winter periods bringing cooler conditions. Sea breezes moderate coastal temperatures. Storms associated with cold fronts can bring heavy rainfall and temporarily lower temperatures even during summer. The predictable summer nesting season coincides with the warmest and most stable sea conditions.

São Francisco do Sul is one of Brazil's oldest continuously inhabited European settlements, with Portuguese colonial history dating to the 16th century. The indigenous Carijó people originally inhabited the coastal region and were largely displaced or assimilated during the colonial period. The region's sheltered bay and coastal resources made it an important center for colonial-era fishing, timber extraction, and trade. The 20th century brought growing tourism to Santa Catarina's coast, with beach developments expanding along formerly protected dune and restinga systems. The pressure of coastal urbanization ultimately led to conservation efforts focused on protecting the remaining natural coastal landscapes.

Acaraí State Park was created by State Decree No. 3.517 on September 23, 2005, by the government of Santa Catarina to preserve coastal ecosystems on the northern coast that were facing rapid habitat loss from tourist and residential development. ^[1] The park's creation reflected broader recognition of restinga as an endangered coastal ecosystem in Brazil — one of the most threatened vegetation types associated with the Atlantic Forest biome. Establishment involved negotiation with landowners and the resolution of prior occupation conflicts. The park is managed by the Santa Catarina State Environment Department (IMA), which has prioritized marine turtle monitoring, waterbird surveys, and restinga vegetation conservation as key management programs.

The park offers walking trails through restinga vegetation and along the margins of coastal lagoons, providing excellent opportunities for bird watching. The lagoon's open water and margins attract large numbers of waterbirds and are particularly spectacular during the migration season. The park's Atlantic beaches are accessible and provide opportunities to observe nesting sea turtles during the summer months under the supervision of TAMAR program monitors. Canoe and kayak routes within the lagoon system allow visitors to explore aquatic habitats. The park is easily accessible from São Francisco do Sul town, which also offers historical architecture and colonial heritage attractions.

Acaraí State Park is located approximately 10 kilometers from São Francisco do Sul town center, accessible via paved and unpaved roads on São Francisco do Sul Island. The park has a visitor reception area and maintains marked trails open to the public. Guided tours by state park staff are available, particularly for school groups and environmental education programs. São Francisco do Sul is connected to the mainland by bridge and is served by bus routes from Joinville, the nearest major city, approximately 50 kilometers to the southwest. Accommodation is available in São Francisco do Sul's historic town center and at nearby beach resorts.

The park's primary conservation challenge is managing the interface between the protected area and the surrounding urban and tourist development on São Francisco do Sul Island. Illegal waste dumping, unauthorized access, and pressure on coastal resources from adjacent communities require continuous management attention. The marine turtle nesting program conducted in partnership with the TAMAR project monitors nesting activity on park beaches each summer. Lagoon water quality monitoring tracks the impacts of upstream agricultural and urban runoff. The park participates in regional Atlantic Forest corridor initiatives that aim to connect isolated forest and restinga fragments across the Santa Catarina coast.