Santos

Serra da Mantiqueira Environmental Protection Area encompasses the Santos region, protecting critical Atlantic Forest remnants in São Paulo state, Brazil. This mountainous area features dramatic elevation changes, pristine watersheds, and some of the most biodiverse forests in South America. The protected area serves as a vital water source for millions of people in the densely populated coastal region. Ancient Atlantic Forest trees tower over streams cascading down steep mountain slopes, creating microclimates that support specialized plant and animal communities. The area represents one of the last large forest blocks near São Paulo, providing essential ecosystem services and biodiversity conservation.

The Santos watershed has been recognized for its water supply importance since colonial times, when the growing port city depended on mountain streams. Deforestation for coffee plantations and urban expansion threatened these critical watersheds throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. Growing awareness of environmental degradation led to various protection measures beginning in the 1970s. The creation of the Environmental Protection Area formalized conservation efforts, though enforcement has faced challenges from development pressure. Recent decades have seen increased investment in watershed protection, reforestation, and community engagement to preserve this vital resource.

Access to the protected areas varies, with some sections reached via roads from Santos and São Paulo, while others remain remote. Several trails and viewpoints allow visitors to experience the Atlantic Forest and enjoy panoramic views of the coast. Basic facilities exist at key access points, though much of the area has minimal infrastructure by design to protect sensitive ecosystems. Local guides offer expertise on forest ecology and safe hiking in mountainous terrain. Visitor numbers remain moderate, with most use concentrated near accessible areas while vast sections see minimal human presence.

Watershed protection drives conservation efforts, as the forests regulate water flow and maintain quality for downstream users. Atlantic Forest restoration focuses on connecting forest fragments and expanding habitat for endangered species. Controlling invasive species and preventing illegal logging require ongoing vigilance. The protected area faces pressure from urban expansion and infrastructure development. Climate change threatens water availability and forest health. Community engagement programs work with local residents on sustainable livelihoods compatible with conservation goals.