The park is renowned for its population of vicuñas, one of the largest protected populations in Argentina. Other notable wildlife includes the Andean condor, puma, Andean fox, and various species of flamingos that inhabit the salt lakes. The park also provides habitat for the endangered Andean cat, guanacos, and numerous bird species adapted to high-altitude environments. The protection of these species, particularly the vicuña, has been one of the park's primary conservation objectives since its establishment.
Despite the harsh climate, San Guillermo National Park hosts a variety of plant species adapted to high-altitude desert conditions. The vegetation is primarily composed of hardy shrubs, cushion plants, and grasses typical of the Andean-Patagonian steppe. Notable species include yareta (Azorella compacta), a slow-growing plant that can live for thousands of years, and various species of bunch grasses (Stipa). The park's plant life is specially adapted to survive extreme temperature variations, strong winds, and limited rainfall.
The park is situated within the Andes mountain range, characterized by dramatic high-altitude plateaus, deep valleys, and towering peaks. The landscape was formed through intense tectonic activity and glacial processes over millions of years. The area features extensive salt flats (salares), volcanic formations, and mineral-rich mountains that have attracted mining interest throughout history. The park's geology is dominated by sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, with significant deposits of minerals including copper, gold, and silver.
The park was established in 1998 to protect the rich biodiversity of the region and its archaeological heritage, including evidence of ancient indigenous settlements dating back thousands of years. The area was historically used by the Diaguita and Inca peoples, who left behind rock art and other archaeological remains. The park's name comes from the San Guillermo River that flows through the region. Before becoming a national park, the area was primarily used for mining activities and livestock grazing, which had significant impacts on the local ecosystem.
The park's most striking features include the expansive high-altitude plains (punas) that characterize much of its landscape, the dramatic peaks of the Andes mountains, and the numerous salt flats that dot the region. The La Palca Valley offers spectacular views and hiking opportunities, while the park's various archaeological sites provide insights into ancient human settlements. The park's remote location and limited access help preserve its pristine nature, though this also means visitors must carefully plan their trips and obtain necessary permits for entry.
San Guillermo National Park experiences an arid high-altitude climate typical of the Andes mountains. Temperatures can vary dramatically, with summer days reaching up to 20°C (68°F) and winter nights dropping well below freezing, often to -15°C (5°F). The region receives minimal rainfall, averaging less than 200mm annually, with most precipitation occurring during summer months. Strong winds are common throughout the year, and the high altitude (ranging from 2,100 to 6,380 meters) means visitors should be prepared for sudden weather changes and intense UV radiation.
Argentina
-29.2170°, -69.3500°
1998
1660
San Guillermo National Park protects high-altitude Andean ecosystems and wildlife. The park is home to one of the largest populations of vicuñas in Argentina. It features dramatic mountain landscapes and unique high-altitude wetlands.