The park harbors a diverse array of wildlife adapted to high-altitude environments. Notable mammals include the snow leopard, blue sheep, white-lipped deer, and the Tibetan wild ass (kiang). The region is also home to several endangered bird species, such as the black-necked crane, lammergeier, and various highland raptors. Smaller fauna includes the Himalayan marmot, plateau pika, and numerous species of alpine insects and amphibians. The park serves as a crucial habitat corridor for many of these species, particularly the endangered snow leopard population.
The park's vegetation exhibits clear vertical zonation patterns, transitioning from desert steppe at lower elevations through montane forests to alpine meadows at higher altitudes. The middle elevations (2,800-3,600m) feature forests dominated by spruce (Picea crassifolia) and juniper species. Alpine meadows above the treeline are characterized by diverse herbaceous plants, including species of Kobresia, Festuca, and various medicinal plants. The park is home to numerous endemic plant species adapted to the harsh alpine environment, including the rare Qilian Mountains spruce and various high-altitude cushion plants.
The Qilian Mountains formed during the Cenozoic era through intense tectonic activity, representing a significant portion of the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. The range consists primarily of metamorphic rocks, including schists and gneisses, along with significant deposits of sedimentary and igneous formations. The area features dramatic glacial landscapes, with over 3,000 modern glaciers covering approximately 1,972 square kilometers. These mountains contain rich mineral deposits, including iron, copper, and precious metals, and showcase remarkable geological features such as fault lines, fold structures, and extensive permafrost regions.
The Qilian Mountains have played a crucial role in Chinese history as a natural boundary between agricultural and nomadic civilizations. The region was an important section of the ancient Silk Road, facilitating trade between China and Central Asia. During the Han Dynasty (206 BCE - 220 CE), the area was strategically significant for defending against Xiongnu invasions, leading to the construction of numerous fortifications. The mountains were also historically important for the Tibetan Empire and various nomadic peoples. The name 'Qilian' comes from the Xiongnu language, meaning 'heavenly mountains,' reflecting its spiritual significance to ancient peoples.
Key attractions within the park include the Laolongwan Glacier, offering spectacular views of ancient ice formations, and the Binggou Danxia Landform, known for its striking red rock formations. The park contains numerous alpine lakes, including the pristine Qinghai Lake on its periphery. The Babao River Valley showcases remarkable examples of high-altitude wetlands and meadows. Traditional Tibetan and Mongolian settlements within and around the park provide cultural interest, while ancient Silk Road ruins add historical significance. The park also features several hot springs, making it a popular destination for both nature enthusiasts and those seeking therapeutic experiences.
The Qilian Mountains experience a typical alpine climate with significant seasonal variations. Winters are long and severely cold from November to March, with temperatures often dropping below -20°C (-4°F), while summers are brief and mild from June to August, rarely exceeding 20°C (68°F). The area receives moderate precipitation, mainly in the form of snow at higher elevations and rain in lower valleys during summer months. Due to the altitude differences within the park (ranging from 2,000m to over 5,500m), weather conditions can vary dramatically between locations, and visitors should be prepared for sudden weather changes even during summer months.
China
38.5000°, 99.5000°
2017
50200
Qilian Mountain National Park protects a vast mountain ecosystem in northwestern China. The park contains glaciers, snow-capped peaks, and diverse wildlife including snow leopards. It serves as an important water source for the Yellow River basin.