The park is home to diverse wildlife, including some of Spain's most emblematic species. The Cantabrian brown bear and Iberian wolf inhabit the more remote areas, while the Cantabrian chamois is frequently spotted on rocky slopes. Birds of prey such as golden eagles, griffon vultures, and the rare lammergeier soar above the peaks. The park also shelters endangered species like the Cantabrian capercaillie and the Alpine chough. In the rivers and streams, Atlantic salmon and trout can be found, along with the vulnerable Iberian desman, a small aquatic mammal endemic to the region.
The park hosts over 1,750 species of plants, with remarkable biodiversity due to its varied altitude and climate zones. The lower valleys feature deciduous forests of beech, oak, and chestnut trees, while the middle elevations are characterized by mixed woodland and meadows. Alpine and subalpine zones above 1,600 meters support unique plant communities adapted to harsh conditions, including endemic species like the Picos de Europa wallflower and various saxifrages. The park's meadows, maintained through traditional farming practices, display spectacular wildflower displays in spring and summer.
The park's dramatic landscape was formed during the Alpine Orogeny, when the African and European tectonic plates collided. The mountains are primarily composed of limestone from the Carboniferous period, which has been extensively shaped by glacial and karstic processes. The limestone composition has resulted in distinctive features including deep gorges, caves, and sinkholes. The most notable geological formations are the three main massifs: Western (El Cornión), Central (Los Urrieles), and Eastern (Ándara). The highest peak, Torre Cerredo, reaches 2,650 meters above sea level, making it the highest limestone formation in Atlantic Europe.
The Picos de Europa has been inhabited since prehistoric times, with evidence of human settlement dating back to the Paleolithic era. The region played a crucial role in the Spanish Reconquista, serving as a Christian stronghold against Moorish invasion. The area gained its name 'Peaks of Europe' from being the first sight of Europe for returning sailors. In 1918, it became Spain's first national park, initially named Montaña de Covadonga National Park, before being expanded and renamed in 1995. The park has a rich mining history, with zinc and lead mining operations continuing until the late 20th century, leaving behind industrial heritage sites that can still be visited today.
The park's most iconic features include the Fuente Dé cable car, which ascends 753 meters to provide spectacular mountain views, and the Lakes of Covadonga (Enol and Ercina), known as the 'Lakes of the Shepherd'. The Cares Trail, a dramatic 12km gorge walk between Caín and Poncebos, is considered one of Spain's most spectacular hikes. The Sanctuary of Covadonga, a significant religious and historical site, attracts numerous pilgrims. The park also features extensive cave systems, including the Torca del Cerro del Cuevón, one of Spain's deepest caves at 1,589 meters. Traditional mountain villages like Bulnes, until recently only accessible by foot, offer glimpses into the region's cultural heritage.
The Picos de Europa experiences a maritime mountain climate characterized by high rainfall and significant temperature variations. Summers are mild with average temperatures between 18-25°C (64-77°F), while winters are cold with temperatures often dropping below freezing, especially at higher elevations. Snow is common from November to April above 1,500 meters. Weather conditions can change rapidly due to the park's proximity to the Atlantic Ocean and its mountainous terrain, making it essential for visitors to be prepared for sudden weather shifts. Annual rainfall is substantial, with the northern slopes receiving up to 2,000mm of precipitation annually.
Spain
43.1780°, -4.9140°
1918
646.6
Picos de Europa is a dramatic mountain range featuring deep gorges, alpine lakes, and limestone peaks. The park is home to diverse wildlife including Cantabrian brown bears, wolves, and chamois. Its landscape was carved by glacial action, creating spectacular formations and caves.