The North Pennines is a crucial habitat for many threatened species, including England's last remaining black grouse population and significant numbers of breeding waders such as golden plover and curlew. The area is also home to red squirrels, otters, and rare upland birds like merlin and ring ouzel. The moorlands support important populations of birds of prey, including peregrine falcons and hen harriers. The region's rivers host Atlantic salmon and the freshwater pearl mussel, while the hay meadows provide vital habitat for numerous butterfly species.
The North Pennines hosts some of England's rarest plant communities, including arctic-alpine species that survived the last ice age. The area contains 40% of the UK's upland hay meadows, featuring species such as wood crane's-bill, globeflower, and mountain pansy. Extensive areas of heather moorland provide important habitat, while blanket bogs support specialized plants like sundew and cotton grass. The region's varied geology creates diverse soil conditions, supporting unique plant communities adapted to both acidic and alkaline environments.
The region's distinctive landscape was formed over 300 million years ago during the Carboniferous period, featuring alternating layers of limestone, sandstone, and shale. This creates the characteristic stepped profile of the hills, known as the 'Pennine escarpment.' The area is famous for its mineral deposits, particularly galena (lead ore), fluorite, and baryte, which led to extensive mining activity. Notable geological features include High Force waterfall, formed where the River Tees crosses the hard Whin Sill, and extensive areas of blanket bog formed during the last ice age.
The North Pennines has a rich industrial heritage dating back to the Roman era, with lead mining being particularly significant from the 17th to 19th centuries. The area was one of the most important lead mining regions in Britain, with remnants of this industry still visible today in the form of old mine workings and distinctive miners' cottages. The landscape has been shaped by centuries of farming, with traditional hay meadows and dry stone walls testament to the region's agricultural heritage. The area was designated as Britain's first UNESCO Global Geopark in 2003, recognizing its unique geological and cultural significance.
The North Pennines AONB encompasses several remarkable landmarks, including High Force waterfall, one of England's largest waterfalls, and the unique Moorhouse-Upper Teesdale National Nature Reserve. The area features the highest road in England at Hartside Pass (1,904 feet), offering spectacular views across the Eden Valley to the Lake District. The region is crossed by the Pennine Way, Britain's oldest National Trail, and contains numerous historic mining sites, including the fascinating Killhope Lead Mining Museum. The area is also known for its Dark Sky status, offering some of England's best stargazing opportunities.
The North Pennines experiences a typical upland British climate, characterized by cool summers and cold winters. Average temperatures range from 1°C in winter to 17°C in summer, with significant rainfall throughout the year averaging 1,500mm annually. The area is known for its rapidly changing weather conditions, with snow common between November and March, particularly on higher ground. Visitors should be prepared for all weather conditions, as even summer days can bring unexpected cold spells and precipitation.
United Kingdom
54.7740°, -2.1830°
1988
1983
The North Pennines is the second largest AONB in England and Wales. It features high moorland, dramatic dales, tumbling waterfalls, and distinctive flora and fauna. The area is known for its mining heritage and is also a UNESCO Global Geopark.