Ciénegas de Lerma provides critical habitat for numerous species, including several endangered endemic species. The wetlands host diverse bird populations, with over 100 recorded species including migratory waterfowl. Notable fauna includes the endangered Lerma salamander (Ambystoma lermaense), Toluca garter snake, and various endemic fish species. The area serves as an important stopover for migratory birds along the Central Flyway.
The wetlands support diverse aquatic and semi-aquatic vegetation, including extensive cattail marshes, water lilies, and various endemic species. Notable plants include Mexican water lily (Nymphaea mexicana), spike rush (Eleocharis macrostachya), and several species of sedges. The surrounding areas feature remnant patches of willow trees and other riparian vegetation adapted to seasonal flooding.
The wetlands are situated in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, formed by ancient volcanic and tectonic activity. The basin's underlying geology consists of lacustrine deposits and volcanic materials, creating an impermeable foundation that helps maintain water levels. The wetland system occupies a former lake basin within the Valley of Toluca, characterized by rich alluvial soils and natural springs.
The Ciénegas de Lerma has been an important natural and cultural site since pre-Hispanic times, when local indigenous peoples used the wetlands for fishing and agriculture. Originally covering over 27,000 hectares in the Lerma Valley, the wetlands have significantly decreased due to urban development and water extraction for Mexico City. In 2002, the remaining areas were designated as protected Ramsar sites to preserve these vital ecosystems.
The wetland complex consists of three main bodies of water: Chiconahuapan, Chimaliapan, and Chignahuapan. These areas feature a mosaic of permanent and seasonal marshes, open water, and floating vegetation mats. The wetlands provide essential ecosystem services including flood control, water filtration, and carbon sequestration, while supporting traditional fishing and agricultural practices of local communities.
The Ciénegas de Lerma experiences a temperate sub-humid climate typical of central Mexico's highlands. Average temperatures range from 12-18°C (54-64°F), with summer rains occurring between June and September. The wetland system's microclimate helps moderate local temperatures and maintains higher humidity levels throughout the year, creating ideal conditions for its unique ecosystem.
Mexico
19.2830°, -99.5080°
2002
30.23
A wetland ecosystem that serves as an important habitat for migratory birds and endemic species. The area consists of three separate marsh systems in the Lerma River basin. It plays a crucial role in water regulation and biodiversity conservation in central Mexico.