The islands are home to unique wildlife, including the endangered Juan Fernández Firecrown hummingbird, found nowhere else on Earth. Marine life is abundant, with fur seals, sea lions, and various species of dolphins frequently observed in coastal waters. The archipelago is an important breeding site for several seabird species, including the Pink-footed Shearwater and Juan Fernández Petrel. Endemic species also include the Juan Fernández Tit-tyrant and various unique insects and arthropods.
The archipelago hosts remarkable plant diversity with approximately 130 endemic species, representing over 60% of its native flora. Notable endemic species include the critically endangered Juan Fernández Sandalwood and the Cabbage Tree (Dendroseris litoralis). The islands feature distinct vegetation zones, from coastal areas with herbaceous plants to higher elevations dominated by ferns and endemic tree species. The Myrtle-Luma Forest, composed of native trees like the Luma and Canelo, represents one of the most distinctive plant communities in the archipelago.
The archipelago consists of three main islands: Robinson Crusoe, Alejandro Selkirk, and Santa Clara, all of volcanic origin. These islands emerged from the ocean floor through submarine volcanic activity approximately 3-4 million years ago. The terrain is characterized by steep cliffs, deep valleys, and volcanic peaks, with the highest point being Los Inocentes on Alejandro Selkirk Island at 1,650 meters (5,413 feet). The islands' isolation and volcanic nature have contributed to the evolution of unique species and distinct geological formations.
The archipelago was discovered in 1574 by Spanish navigator Juan Fernández. It gained fame as the location where Scottish sailor Alexander Selkirk was marooned from 1704 to 1709, inspiring Daniel Defoe's novel 'Robinson Crusoe.' The islands served as a strategic point for pirates in the 17th and 18th centuries. Chile annexed the archipelago in 1833, and it was declared a national park in 1935. In 1977, UNESCO designated it as a World Biosphere Reserve due to its unique ecosystem and biodiversity.
Key attractions include Cumberland Bay, the main settlement area on Robinson Crusoe Island, featuring historical sites related to Alexander Selkirk's stay. The Mirador de Selkirk viewpoint offers panoramic views of the archipelago and is accessible via hiking trails. The islands offer excellent opportunities for diving, with clear waters and diverse marine life. The Robinson Crusoe Island Museum provides insights into the archipelago's history and ecology. Visitors can also explore the remains of Spanish colonial fortifications and experience traditional fishing culture in the local community of San Juan Bautista.
The Juan Fernández Archipelago experiences a subtropical maritime climate with mild temperatures year-round. Average temperatures range from 8°C (46°F) in winter to 22°C (72°F) in summer. The islands receive significant rainfall, averaging 1,000mm annually, with the wettest period occurring between April and September. The surrounding Pacific Ocean moderates temperatures and creates high humidity levels throughout the year. Strong winds are common, particularly from May to August, and can affect boat access to the islands.
Chile
-33.6370°, -78.8300°
1935
96
Juan Fernandez Archipelago National Park consists of three main islands and is famous for its unique endemic species. The park was the inspiration for Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe novel. It features dramatic volcanic landscapes, endemic flora and fauna, and important marine ecosystems.