The park's wildlife includes both terrestrial and aquatic species. Arctic fox, the only native land mammal, can occasionally be spotted. The park's lake, Þingvallavatn, contains unique fish species including four distinct varieties of Arctic char that evolved in isolation. Bird life is particularly rich, with over 50 breeding species including ravens, golden plovers, and various waterfowl. During migration periods, the park becomes a crucial stopover for numerous bird species, including whooper swans and various geese species.
Despite Iceland's harsh climate, Þingvellir supports diverse plant life, with over 170 species of flowering plants and ferns. The park's vegetation includes hardy Arctic species like Arctic thyme, moss campion, and various lichens. Mosses are particularly abundant, covering lava fields and rocks with thick, green carpets. Small patches of native birch woodland survive in protected areas, along with introduced species like conifers. During summer, the park blooms with wildflowers including mountain avens, the national flower of Iceland, and various species of saxifrage.
The park sits directly on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, where the North American and Eurasian tectonic plates meet and are gradually moving apart at about 2cm per year. This geological phenomenon creates dramatic fissures and canyons throughout the park, with Almannagjá being the most prominent rift. The area features stunning geological formations including the Silfra fissure, filled with crystal-clear glacial water, and numerous volcanic features. The landscape continues to evolve through regular seismic activity, with visible evidence of subsidence occurring at approximately 1-2cm per year.
Þingvellir holds immense historical significance as the site of Iceland's first parliament, the Alþingi, established in 930 AD. For nearly 900 years, it served as the meeting place where chieftains gathered to create laws and settle disputes, making it one of the world's oldest parliamentary sites. The park was designated as Iceland's first national park in 1930 and was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2004. Throughout history, it has been the site of major events in Icelandic culture, including the adoption of Christianity in 1000 AD and the declaration of Iceland's independence from Denmark in 1944.
Key attractions include the dramatic Almannagjá fault, where visitors can walk between continental plates, and the historic Law Rock (Lögberg), where ancient parliamentary proceedings were held. The Silfra fissure offers world-renowned diving and snorkeling opportunities in exceptionally clear water. Öxarárfoss waterfall, fed by the Öxará river, creates a stunning visual focal point. The park also features the historic Þingvellir Church and the remains of ancient assembly booths where parliament members once stayed. The visitor center provides extensive information about the park's history and geology, while well-maintained walking trails offer access to key sites.
Þingvellir experiences typical Icelandic weather patterns with significant seasonal variations. Summer temperatures typically range from 10-15°C (50-59°F), while winter temperatures average between -5 to 5°C (23-41°F). The park receives considerable precipitation throughout the year, with rain common in summer and snow in winter. Weather can change rapidly, and visitors should be prepared for sudden shifts. The park experiences nearly 24 hours of daylight during summer solstice and very short days during winter, with only 4-5 hours of daylight in December.
Iceland
64.2550°, -21.1290°
1930
237
Þingvellir National Park is a UNESCO World Heritage site where the North American and Eurasian tectonic plates meet above ground. It was the site of Iceland's first parliament established in 930 AD and continued to meet until 1798. The park features dramatic fissures, clear lakes, and unique geological formations created by centuries of tectonic activity.